Why hearing impairment may degrade selective attention
Abstract
In everyday settings, the ability to selectively attend is critical for communication. Most normal-hearing listeners are able to selectively attend to a talker of interest in a sea of competing sources, and to rapidly shift attention as the need arises. However, hearing-impaired (HI) listeners and cochlear implant users have dif culty communicating when there are multiple sources. This paper reviews some of the processes governing selective attention in normal listeners. Results suggest that selective attention operates to select out perceptual "objects," and thus depends directly on the ability to separate a source of interest from a mixture of competing sources. In turn, this view suggests that one factor affecting how well HI listeners can communicate in everyday settings is their ability to perceptually organize the auditory scene.
References
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Arnott, R. H., Wallace, M. N. Shackleton, T. M., and Palmer, A. R. (2004). "Onset neurones in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 5, 153-70.
Bacon, S. P., and Opie, J. M. (2002). "Modulation detection interference in listeners with normal and impaired hearing," J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res., 45, 392-402.
Bernstein, J. G., and Oxenham, A. J. (2006). "The relationship between frequency selectivity and pitch discrimination: sensorineural hearing loss," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 3929-45.
Best, V., Gallun, F. J., Carlile, S., and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2007b). "Binaural interference and auditory grouping," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 121, 420-432.
Best, V., Gallun, F. J. Ihlefeld, A., and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2006). "The influence of spatial separation on divided listening," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 1506-1516.
Best, V., A. Ihlefeld, and Shinn-Cunningham, B. (2005). "The effect of spatial layout in a divided attention task," International Conference on Auditory Display, Limerick, Ireland.
Best, V., Ozmeral E. J,. and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2007a). "Visually guided attention enhances target identification in a complex auditory scene," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 8, 294-304.
Bregman, A. S. (1990). Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Brungart, D. S. (2001). "Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 1101-1109.
Buschman, T. J., and Miller, E. K. (2007). "Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices," Science, 315, 1860-2.
Busse, L., Roberts, K. C., Crist, R. E., Weissman, D. H., and Woldorff, M. G. (2005). "The spread of attention across modalities and space in a multisensory object," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 18751-18756.
Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "How the brain separates sounds," Trends Cogn. Sci., 8, 465-471.
Carlyon, R. P., Cusack, R., Foxton, J. M., and Robertson, I. H. (2001). "Effects of attention and unilateral neglect on auditory stream segregation," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 27, 115-127.
Carlyon, R. P., Long, C. J., Deeks, J. M., and McKay, C. M. (2007). "Concurrent sound segregation in electric and acoustic hearing," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 8, 119-133.
Carrasco, M., Giordano, A. M., and McElree, B. (2006). "Attention speeds processing across eccentricity: feature and conjunction searches," Vision Res., 46, 2028-40.
Conway, A. R., Cowan, N., and Bunting, M. F. (2001). "The cocktail party phenome- non revisited: the importance of working memory capacity," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 8, 331-335.
Cooke, M. (2006). "A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 119, 1562-1573.
Cusack, R., and Carlyon, R. P. (2003). "Perceptual asymmetries in audition," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 29, 713-725.
Cusack, R., Carlyon, R. P., and Robertson, I. H. (2000). "Neglect between but not within auditory objects," J. Cogn. Neurosci., 12, 1056-1065.
Cusack, R., Deeks, J., Aikman, G., and Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "Effects of location, frequency region, and time course of selective attention on auditory scene analysis," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 30, 643-656.
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Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (1997). "Perceptual segregation of a harmonic from a vowel by interaural time difference and frequency proximity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 102, 2316-2324.
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Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (2000). "Effectiveness of spatial cues, prosody, and talker characteristics in selective attention," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 107, 970-977.
Deeks, J. M., and Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "Simulations of cochlear implant hearing using ltered harmonic complexes: implications for concurrent sound segregation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115, 1736-1746.
Desimone, R., and Duncan, J. (1995). "Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention," Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18, 193-222.
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Durlach, N. I., Mason, C. R., Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Arbogast, T. L., Colburn, H. S., and Kidd, G., Jr. (2003). "Informational masking: counteracting the effects of stimulus uncertainty by decreasing target-masker similarity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 368-379.
Edwards, B. (2007). "The future of hearing aid technology," Trends Amplif, 11, 31-45.
Ernst, S. M., and Verhey J. L. (2006). "Role of suppression and retro-cochlear proc- esses in comodulation masking release," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 3843-52.
Fries, P., Reynolds, J. H., Rorie, A. E., and Desimone, R. (2001). "Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention," Science, 291, 1560-1563.
Gatehouse, S., and Akeroyd, M. (2006). "Two-eared listening in dynamic situations," Int. J. Audiol., 45 Suppl 1, S120-124.
Gatehouse, S., Naylor, G., and Elberling, C. (2003). "Bene ts from hearing aids in relation to the interaction between the user and the environment," Int. J. Audiol., 42 Suppl. 1, S77-85.
Kidd, G., Jr., Arbogast, T. L., Mason, C. R., and Gallun, F. J. (2005). "The advantage of knowing where to listen," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 118, 3804-15.
Kidd, G., Jr., Arbogast, T. L., Mason, C. R., and Walsh, M. (2002). "Informational masking in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 3, 107-119.
Kidd, G., Jr., Mason, C. R., and Arbogast, T. L. (2002). "Similarity, uncertainty, and masking in the identification of nonspeech auditory patterns," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 111, 1367-1376.
Kidd, G., Jr., Mason, C. R., and Richards, V. M. (2003). "Multiple bursts, multiple looks, and stream coherence in the release from informational masking," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 2835-2845.
Kidd, G., Mason, C. R., Deliwala, P. S., Woods, W. S., and Colburn, H. S. (1994). "Reducing informational masking by sound segregation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 95, 3475-3480.
Knudsen, E. I. (2007). "Fundamental components of attention," Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 30, 57-78.
Kochkin, S. (2005). "MarkeTrak VII: Customer satisfaction with hearing instruments in the digital age," The Hearing Journal, 58, 30-37.
Langner, G. (1997). "Neural processing and representation of periodicity pitch," Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 532, 68-76.
Leek, M. R., Brown, M. E., and Dorman, M. F. (1991). "Informational masking and auditory attention," Percept. Psychophys., 50, 205-214.
Leek, M. R., and Summers, V. (2001). "Pitch strength and pitch dominance of iterated rippled noises in hearing-impaired listeners," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 2944-2954.
Mackersie, C. L., Prida, T. L., and Stiles, D. (2001). "The role of sequential stream segregation and frequency selectivity in the perception of simultaneous sentences by listeners with sensorineural hearing loss," J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res., 44, 19-28.
McAdams, S., Botte, M. C., and Drake, C. (1998). "Auditory continuity and loudness computation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 1580-1591.
Miller, G. A., and Licklider, J. C. R. (1950). "The intelligibility of interrupted speech," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 22, 167-173.
Noble, W., and Gatehouse, S. (2006). "Effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aid fitting on abilities measured by the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ)," Int. J. Audiol., 45, 172-181.
Peers, P. V., Ludwig, C. J., Rorden, C., Cusack, R., Bon glioli, C., Bundesen, C., Driver, J., Antoun, N., and Duncan, J. (2005). "Attentional functions of parietal and frontal cortex," Cereb Cortex, 15, 1469-1484.
Pestilli, F., and Carrasco, M. (2005). "Attention enhances contrast sensitivity at cued and impairs it at uncued locations," Vision Res., 45, 1867-1875.
Pressnitzer, D., and Hupe, J. M. (2006). "Temporal dynamics of auditory and visual bistability reveal common principles of perceptual organization," Curr. Biol., 16, 1351-1357.
Sanabria, D., Soto-Faraco, S., Chan, J., and Spence, C. (2005). "Intramodal perceptual grouping modulates multisensory integration: evidence from the crossmodal dynamic capture task," Neurosci. Lett., 377, 59-64.
Scholl, B. J. (2001). "Objects and attention: the state of the art," Cognition, 80, 1-46. Serences, J. T., Liu, T., and Yantis, S. (2005b). "Parietal mechanisms of switching and maintaining attention to locations, objects, and features," in Neurobiology of Attention, edited by L. Itti, G. Rees and J. Tsotsos, 35-41.
Serences, J. T., Shomstein, S., Leber, A. B., Golay, X., Egeth, H. E. and Yantis, S. (2005a). "Coordination of voluntary and stimulus-driven attentional control in human cortex," Psychol. Sci., 16, 114-122.
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Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Lee, A. K., and. Oxenham, A. J (2007). "A sound element gets lost in perceptual competition," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104.
Shomstein, S., and Yantis, S. (2004). "Configural and contextual prioritization in object-based attention," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 11, 247-253.
Shomstein, S., and Yantis, S. (2006). "Parietal cortex mediates voluntary control of spatial and nonspatial auditory attention," J. Neurosci., 26, 435-439.
Sussman, E. S., Horvath, J., Winkler, I. and Orr, M. (2007). "The role of attention in the formation of auditory streams," Percept. Psychophys., 69, 136-52.
Tata, M. S., and Ward, L. M. (2005). "Spatial attention modulates activity in a posterior "where" auditory pathway," Neuropsychologia, 43, 509-516.
Tiesinga, P. H. (2005). "Stimulus competition by inhibitory interference," Neural Comput, 17, 2421-2453.
Turatto, M., Mazza, V., and Umilta, C. (2005). "Crossmodal object-based attention: auditory objects affect visual processing," Cognition, 96, B55-64.
Vogel, E. K., and Luck, S. J. (2002). "Delayed working memory consolidation during the attentional blink," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 9, 739-743.
Warren, R. M. (1970). "Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds," Science, 167, 392-393.
Whalen, D. H., and Liberman, A. M. (1996). "Limits on phonetic integration in duplex perception," Percept. Psychophys., 58, 857-870.
Winkowski, D. E., and Knudsen, E. I. (2006). "Top-down gain control of the auditory space map by gaze control circuitry in the barn owl," Nature, 439, 336-339.
Womelsdorf, T., Fries, P., Mitra, P. P., and Desimone, R. (2006). "Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection," Nature, 439, 733-736.
Yantis, S. (2005). "How visual salience wins the battle for awareness," Nat. Neurosci., 8, 975-977.
Alain, C. and Arnot, S. R. (2000). "Selectively attending to auditory objects," Front. Biosci., 5, D202-12.
Arnott, R. H., Wallace, M. N. Shackleton, T. M., and Palmer, A. R. (2004). "Onset neurones in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 5, 153-70.
Bacon, S. P., and Opie, J. M. (2002). "Modulation detection interference in listeners with normal and impaired hearing," J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res., 45, 392-402.
Bernstein, J. G., and Oxenham, A. J. (2006). "The relationship between frequency selectivity and pitch discrimination: sensorineural hearing loss," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 3929-45.
Best, V., Gallun, F. J., Carlile, S., and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2007b). "Binaural interference and auditory grouping," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 121, 420-432.
Best, V., Gallun, F. J. Ihlefeld, A., and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2006). "The influence of spatial separation on divided listening," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 1506-1516.
Best, V., A. Ihlefeld, and Shinn-Cunningham, B. (2005). "The effect of spatial layout in a divided attention task," International Conference on Auditory Display, Limerick, Ireland.
Best, V., Ozmeral E. J,. and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2007a). "Visually guided attention enhances target identification in a complex auditory scene," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 8, 294-304.
Bregman, A. S. (1990). Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Brungart, D. S. (2001). "Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 1101-1109.
Buschman, T. J., and Miller, E. K. (2007). "Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices," Science, 315, 1860-2.
Busse, L., Roberts, K. C., Crist, R. E., Weissman, D. H., and Woldorff, M. G. (2005). "The spread of attention across modalities and space in a multisensory object," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 18751-18756.
Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "How the brain separates sounds," Trends Cogn. Sci., 8, 465-471.
Carlyon, R. P., Cusack, R., Foxton, J. M., and Robertson, I. H. (2001). "Effects of attention and unilateral neglect on auditory stream segregation," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 27, 115-127.
Carlyon, R. P., Long, C. J., Deeks, J. M., and McKay, C. M. (2007). "Concurrent sound segregation in electric and acoustic hearing," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 8, 119-133.
Carrasco, M., Giordano, A. M., and McElree, B. (2006). "Attention speeds processing across eccentricity: feature and conjunction searches," Vision Res., 46, 2028-40.
Conway, A. R., Cowan, N., and Bunting, M. F. (2001). "The cocktail party phenome- non revisited: the importance of working memory capacity," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 8, 331-335.
Cooke, M. (2006). "A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 119, 1562-1573.
Cusack, R., and Carlyon, R. P. (2003). "Perceptual asymmetries in audition," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 29, 713-725.
Cusack, R., Carlyon, R. P., and Robertson, I. H. (2000). "Neglect between but not within auditory objects," J. Cogn. Neurosci., 12, 1056-1065.
Cusack, R., Deeks, J., Aikman, G., and Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "Effects of location, frequency region, and time course of selective attention on auditory scene analysis," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 30, 643-656.
Darwin, C. J. (1995). "Perceiving vowels in the presence of another sound: A quantitative test of the "Old-plus-New" heuristic," in Levels in Speech Communication: Relations and Interactions: A Tribute to Max Wajskop, edited by J. C Sorin, H Mel- oni, and J Schoenigen, 1-12.
Darwin, C. J., Brungart, D. S., and Simpson, B. D. (2003). "Effects of fundamental frequency and vocal-tract length changes on attention to one of two simultaneous talkers," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 2913-2922.
Darwin, C. J., and Carlyon, R. P. (1995). "Auditory grouping," in Hearing, edited by B. C. J. Moore, 387-424.
Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (1997). "Perceptual segregation of a harmonic from a vowel by interaural time difference and frequency proximity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 102, 2316-2324.
Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (1998). "Perceptual segregation of a harmonic from a vowel by interaural time difference in conjunction with mistuning and onset asynchrony," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 1080-1084.
Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (1999). "Auditory objects of attention: the role of interaural time differences," J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf., 25, 617-629.
Darwin, C. J., and Hukin, R. W. (2000). "Effectiveness of spatial cues, prosody, and talker characteristics in selective attention," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 107, 970-977.
Deeks, J. M., and Carlyon, R. P. (2004). "Simulations of cochlear implant hearing using ltered harmonic complexes: implications for concurrent sound segregation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115, 1736-1746.
Desimone, R., and Duncan, J. (1995). "Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention," Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18, 193-222.
Duncan, J. (2006). "EPS Mid-Career Award 2004: brain mechanisms of attention," Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester), 59, 2-27.
Durlach, N. I., Mason, C. R., Kidd, G., Jr., Arbogast, T. L., Colburn, H. S., and Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2003). "Note on informational masking," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 113, 2984-2987.
Durlach, N. I., Mason, C. R., Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Arbogast, T. L., Colburn, H. S., and Kidd, G., Jr. (2003). "Informational masking: counteracting the effects of stimulus uncertainty by decreasing target-masker similarity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 368-379.
Edwards, B. (2007). "The future of hearing aid technology," Trends Amplif, 11, 31-45.
Ernst, S. M., and Verhey J. L. (2006). "Role of suppression and retro-cochlear proc- esses in comodulation masking release," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 3843-52.
Fries, P., Reynolds, J. H., Rorie, A. E., and Desimone, R. (2001). "Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention," Science, 291, 1560-1563.
Gatehouse, S., and Akeroyd, M. (2006). "Two-eared listening in dynamic situations," Int. J. Audiol., 45 Suppl 1, S120-124.
Gatehouse, S., Naylor, G., and Elberling, C. (2003). "Bene ts from hearing aids in relation to the interaction between the user and the environment," Int. J. Audiol., 42 Suppl. 1, S77-85.
Kidd, G., Jr., Arbogast, T. L., Mason, C. R., and Gallun, F. J. (2005). "The advantage of knowing where to listen," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 118, 3804-15.
Kidd, G., Jr., Arbogast, T. L., Mason, C. R., and Walsh, M. (2002). "Informational masking in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss," J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 3, 107-119.
Kidd, G., Jr., Mason, C. R., and Arbogast, T. L. (2002). "Similarity, uncertainty, and masking in the identification of nonspeech auditory patterns," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 111, 1367-1376.
Kidd, G., Jr., Mason, C. R., and Richards, V. M. (2003). "Multiple bursts, multiple looks, and stream coherence in the release from informational masking," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 2835-2845.
Kidd, G., Mason, C. R., Deliwala, P. S., Woods, W. S., and Colburn, H. S. (1994). "Reducing informational masking by sound segregation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 95, 3475-3480.
Knudsen, E. I. (2007). "Fundamental components of attention," Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 30, 57-78.
Kochkin, S. (2005). "MarkeTrak VII: Customer satisfaction with hearing instruments in the digital age," The Hearing Journal, 58, 30-37.
Langner, G. (1997). "Neural processing and representation of periodicity pitch," Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 532, 68-76.
Leek, M. R., Brown, M. E., and Dorman, M. F. (1991). "Informational masking and auditory attention," Percept. Psychophys., 50, 205-214.
Leek, M. R., and Summers, V. (2001). "Pitch strength and pitch dominance of iterated rippled noises in hearing-impaired listeners," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 109, 2944-2954.
Mackersie, C. L., Prida, T. L., and Stiles, D. (2001). "The role of sequential stream segregation and frequency selectivity in the perception of simultaneous sentences by listeners with sensorineural hearing loss," J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res., 44, 19-28.
McAdams, S., Botte, M. C., and Drake, C. (1998). "Auditory continuity and loudness computation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 1580-1591.
Miller, G. A., and Licklider, J. C. R. (1950). "The intelligibility of interrupted speech," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 22, 167-173.
Noble, W., and Gatehouse, S. (2006). "Effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aid fitting on abilities measured by the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ)," Int. J. Audiol., 45, 172-181.
Peers, P. V., Ludwig, C. J., Rorden, C., Cusack, R., Bon glioli, C., Bundesen, C., Driver, J., Antoun, N., and Duncan, J. (2005). "Attentional functions of parietal and frontal cortex," Cereb Cortex, 15, 1469-1484.
Pestilli, F., and Carrasco, M. (2005). "Attention enhances contrast sensitivity at cued and impairs it at uncued locations," Vision Res., 45, 1867-1875.
Pressnitzer, D., and Hupe, J. M. (2006). "Temporal dynamics of auditory and visual bistability reveal common principles of perceptual organization," Curr. Biol., 16, 1351-1357.
Sanabria, D., Soto-Faraco, S., Chan, J., and Spence, C. (2005). "Intramodal perceptual grouping modulates multisensory integration: evidence from the crossmodal dynamic capture task," Neurosci. Lett., 377, 59-64.
Scholl, B. J. (2001). "Objects and attention: the state of the art," Cognition, 80, 1-46. Serences, J. T., Liu, T., and Yantis, S. (2005b). "Parietal mechanisms of switching and maintaining attention to locations, objects, and features," in Neurobiology of Attention, edited by L. Itti, G. Rees and J. Tsotsos, 35-41.
Serences, J. T., Shomstein, S., Leber, A. B., Golay, X., Egeth, H. E. and Yantis, S. (2005a). "Coordination of voluntary and stimulus-driven attentional control in human cortex," Psychol. Sci., 16, 114-122.
Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2005). "Influences of spatial cues on grouping and understanding sound." Forum Acusticum 2005, Budapest, Hungary, CD.
Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., and Ihlefeld, A. (2004). "Selective and divided attention: Extracting information from simultaneous sound sources." International Conference on Auditory Display, Sydney, Australia
Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Ihlefeld, A., Satyavarta, and Larson, E. (2005). "Bottom-up and top-down influences on spatial unmasking," Acta Acust., 91, 967-979.
Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Lee, A. K., and. Oxenham, A. J (2007). "A sound element gets lost in perceptual competition," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104.
Shomstein, S., and Yantis, S. (2004). "Configural and contextual prioritization in object-based attention," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 11, 247-253.
Shomstein, S., and Yantis, S. (2006). "Parietal cortex mediates voluntary control of spatial and nonspatial auditory attention," J. Neurosci., 26, 435-439.
Sussman, E. S., Horvath, J., Winkler, I. and Orr, M. (2007). "The role of attention in the formation of auditory streams," Percept. Psychophys., 69, 136-52.
Tata, M. S., and Ward, L. M. (2005). "Spatial attention modulates activity in a posterior "where" auditory pathway," Neuropsychologia, 43, 509-516.
Tiesinga, P. H. (2005). "Stimulus competition by inhibitory interference," Neural Comput, 17, 2421-2453.
Turatto, M., Mazza, V., and Umilta, C. (2005). "Crossmodal object-based attention: auditory objects affect visual processing," Cognition, 96, B55-64.
Vogel, E. K., and Luck, S. J. (2002). "Delayed working memory consolidation during the attentional blink," Psychon. Bull. Rev., 9, 739-743.
Warren, R. M. (1970). "Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds," Science, 167, 392-393.
Whalen, D. H., and Liberman, A. M. (1996). "Limits on phonetic integration in duplex perception," Percept. Psychophys., 58, 857-870.
Winkowski, D. E., and Knudsen, E. I. (2006). "Top-down gain control of the auditory space map by gaze control circuitry in the barn owl," Nature, 439, 336-339.
Womelsdorf, T., Fries, P., Mitra, P. P., and Desimone, R. (2006). "Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection," Nature, 439, 733-736.
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Additional Files
Published
2007-12-15
How to Cite
Shinn-Cunningham, B. G. (2007). Why hearing impairment may degrade selective attention. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Auditory and Audiological Research, 1, 59–72. Retrieved from https://proceedings.isaar.eu/index.php/isaarproc/article/view/2007-06
Issue
Section
2007/1. Auditory signal processing and perception
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