Physiological measurements of human binaural processing
Resumé
Many different electric and magnetic responses to sound can be recorded as the human brain processes binaural information: (1) A binaural interaction component can be measured by comparing binaural responses to the sum of separate monaural responses. (2) Locating sounds in a reverberant environment can be examined by evaluating echo suppression. (3) Binaural beats can evoke following responses. (4) Responses can be evoked by binaural stimuli that are unmasked by changes in the interaural phase of stimulus or noise. (5) Occasional changes in the spatial location of a repeating sound can evoke a mismatch negativity. (6) A change in the binaural characteristics of an ongoing stimulus – interaural timing, correlation or phase – evokes a large N1-P2 response that is later than the response to the onset of a sound. The concomitant disruption and reinstatement of the 40-Hz steady state response can measure temporal perception and integration. (7) Moving sounds evoke large cortical responses when the movement begins and when a moving object crosses the midline. All paradigms may become useful in objectively demonstrating normal or abnormal binaural function in patients who cannot respond reliably during behavioral testing.
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